The Supremacy Clause Is The Clause That Establishes The...

Supremacy Clause Matthew Newkirk Constitutional Law Mr. Timothy Allmond Wiregrass Georgia Technical College November 19, 2015 Abstract The Supremacy Clause is the clause that establishes the federal government’s authority over state governments. The Supremacy Clause is found in the U.S. Constitution in Clause Two of Article Six. This Clause upholds the United States Constitution, federal statutes, and treaties as the supreme law of the land. Federal law’s supremacy applies only if Congress is acting in fulfilment of its constitutionally authorized powers. The Clause directly states, â€Å"This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.† The Supremacy Clause was born from the Federalist Papers which are writings of Federalist James Madison. The Supremacy Clause is a federal mandate in the U. S. Constitution that stated whenever conflict between state-level and national-level authority, the federal government always has supremacy in the matter, meaning that the federal government is the supreme law of the land. â€Å"When a state law conflicts with a federal law, the Supremacy Clause provides resolution† (Dow). 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Comparison and Contrast of Forecast Methods - 1585 Words

Comparison and Contrast of Forecast Methods MGT 554 Operations Management University of Phoenix Professor Leonard Enger May 1, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENT Cover PageÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….1 Table of ContentsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...2 Seasonal ForecastingÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..3 Delphi MethodÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…4 Technological MethodÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…5 Time-series forecastingÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...6 Company Forecasting MethodsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..7 ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..8 ReferencesÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..9 Comparison and Contrast of Forecast Methods There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast, this paper will compare and contrast the Seasonal, Delphi, Technological and Time Series method of forecasting. Factors to†¦show more content†¦http://www.ryerson.ca/~mjoppe/ResearchProcess/841TheDelphiMethod.htm Technological Method The Technological Forecasting method is used to analyze the market for the life span of an existing technology to determine if its close to end of like and to see if a new product or technology is ready to enter an existing market. It is also used to identify competing new technology and to forecast sales. Before a new innovative product enters into the market Technology Forecasting is one of several methods used to determine if customers will buy it. The Technology method should always be used in conjunction with other tools to identify prospective customers, prototypes, focus groups, interviews, market testing, internet polls and other tools to get a better understanding of the market. The major techniques for technological forecasting is numeric data and judgmental. Numeric data-based forecasting extrapolates history by generating statistical fits to historical data. Judgmental forecasting can also be based on past projection but like the Delphi method it relies on the subjec tive judgment of experts. Keep in mind that technological forecasting is most appropriately applied to capabilities, not to the specific characteristics of specific devices. Other Numeric data techniques are Trend Extrapolation, Qualitative Approaches, Growth Curves, Envelop Curves and Substitution models. Techniques used by Judgment-Base method are Monitoring, Network Analysis,Show MoreRelatedForecasting Method1505 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Companies forecast in different ways and for different reasons. For the sake of my current employer, some of the reasons to why they forecast is to ensure that there are plenty of cellular phones in stock or even to make sure that the company has enough numbers to assign to customers when they purchase wireless service from us. 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Social Networking Sites Beneficial to Societys Essay Example For Students

Social Networking Sites: Beneficial to Societys Essay Social networking sites are great for society, promoting increased communication and connection between hundreds of millions of people throughout the world. While some people do argue that the dangers of online networking far outweigh the benefits, it is clear that this is not the case; rather it is the other way around. Online social networking can be broadly defined as any website or other type of online communication that allows people to interact with each other. Blogging, or keeping an online journal, first became popular in the late 1990’s. As blogging began to appeal to more and more people, pure social networking sites appeared. SixDegrees.com (1997-2001) was the first website that allowed users to create personal profiles and connect with friends. In 2002, Friendster was formed, popularizing social networking before Myspace, Facebook, and Twitter came along in 2003, 2004, and 2006 respectively. â€Å"Currently, social networking/blogging sites account for over 17% of all time spent on the internet† (â€Å"Are Social Networking Sites†). The addition of multimedia capabilities has been a major attraction to users. Through social networking sites, the average internet user can upload music, pictures, and videos to online web pages easily. As these sites grow in popularity, the user base is expanding to include more people over the age of 50, in addition to the millions of teens that already use them. There are numerous benefits to social networking with sites such as Facebook and Myspace. For one, the increased communication strengthens relationships. Internet users usually tend to have larger social networks than non-users, and by maintaining those relationships online they are able to stay in touch with many more f. ./?pageID=cagoterminalL=4LO=HomeL1. â€Å"Common Sense Media Poll: Parents Out of Teens’ Social Networking Loop.† Entertainment Close-up. 12 August 2009. Courtney, Vicki. â€Å"Logged On and Tuned Out.† Nashville: BH Publishing Group, 2007. Derbyshire, David. â€Å"Social Websites Harm Children’s Brains: Chilling Warning to Parents from Top Neuroscientist.† Daily Mail. 24 February 2009. â€Å"Educational Benefits of Social Networking Sites Uncovered.† Science Daily. 21 June 2008. Joiner, Whitney. â€Å"Ego Trip.† Teen Vogue. April 2010. Mooney, Carla. â€Å"Online Social Networking.† Farmington Hills: Lucent Books, 2009. Rogers, Vanessa. â€Å"Cyberbullying.† Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2010. â€Å"Short Circuit. † Teen Vogue. April 2010. Sommers, Michael. â€Å"The Dangers of Online Predators.† New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2008.

Public Administrators in Delivery of Social Justice an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Educating Public Administrators in Delivery of Social Justice The essence of public administration or governance is to enlarge public good in society by contributing to social justice thereby creating a civil community. This differs from the classic concept of public administration which is seen as the most efficient and economical delivery of services. Frederickson's (Shafritz, 2003) vision of New Public Administration on the other hand appends social equity as an additional aim of classic public administration. Thus in addition to provision of better services within the available resources most economically, New Public Administration addresses the issue of overcoming the bane inherent in classic administration that of bureaucratic perpetuity and deprivation of equal rights to the larger community as against the powerful minority by including social equity as a means of increasing political clout as well as economic privileges of deprived classes in society. Need essay sample on "Educating Public Administrators in Delivery of Social Justice" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Usually Tell Us:How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper in time?Specialists suggest: It Is Very Easy And Convenient To Buy Essays OnlineBuy An Essay Online Best Essay Writing Service Reviews Best Writing Services Cheapest Essay Writing Service Continuous transformation through sensitivity and adaptability to change is another unique facet of Fredrickson's concept of new public administration. (Shafritz, 2003). The focus of the process of programming, planning and budgeting is thus designed to achieve equity in society rather than internal efficiency of the organization delivering administration. In building institutions the focus is on problems and removal of social deficiencies rather than padding establishments for internal growth. Coming to the distributive process, Fredrickson indicates that the new public administration adopts an equitable pattern in distribution to ensure that all parts of the system get resources they deserve. (Shafritz, 2003). This may create organizational conflict, which is considered as a part of the process of public administration. As an integrative progression, new public administration will go beyond the hierarchical pattern to more innovative structures such as project or matrix organizations. In decision making preference will be for decentralization and group decisions with greater autonomy at each level. This will also lead to a new pattern in boundary exchange where there would be greater involvement of the deprived minorities in the process of decision making. This would also include a new pattern of socioeconomic process where in there will be greater need for sensitivity training, tolerance of conflict and risk taking. Thus Frederickson envisages a totally new paradigm of public administration to achieve the goals of social equity. (Shafritz, 2003) Comparing Frederickson's concept with the views of some prominent proponents of the theory of public administration should provide comparative rationale for his views. Woodrow Wilson is considered the doyen of public administration in America and is seen to have advanced the concept in general. Woodrow Wilson would have strongly approved of the concept of New Public Administration indicated by Frederickson. While a direct correlation of the two may be difficult to establish a detailed analysis of Wilson's article would denote the relevance. (Shafritz, 2003). Wilson (Shafritz, 2003) has carried out a historical analysis of the growth of public administration and his salient conclusion denotes that he sees in the administrator a person who is an instrument for providing social good on behalf of the state. Giving the example of the stern and strict Frederick the Great, Wilson denotes that he was an enlightened king who considered himself first to be a servant of the people rather than the master or the king. Elaborating this in the current context thus, Wilson advocates a strong need to introduce all elements in society to political science and fully train and educate the core of public administrators in the subject. (Shafritz, 2003) This will enable them to better deliver governance. Wilson has emphasized on functional education and has also alluded that the real challenge was to ensure that the public administrator was accountable to not just his superior but the community as a whole which provides basis to the surmise that he would have strongly approved Frederickson's espousal of education of public administrators in delivery of social justice. Spicer and Terry (1993) is another duo who is critical of the constitutional notion of the role of public administration and would have endorsed Frederickson's views. They have indicated that that there is a larger scope for envisaging the role of the public administrator than the purely constitutional one. Attempting to explain this through a purely regulatory or legal function is thus highly inappropriate. The authors have also indicated that the Constitution is not about empowering the public administration but is about restraining their power. This argument supplements the need for public administrators to be involved in imparting social justice rather than exercising power on behalf of the State as given in the constitution. Spicer and Terry (1993) would thus support Frederickson's points of view on evolving a new public administration system responsive to social equity and that students of public administration should be advocates of social justice, for their job goes beyond the mechanics of governance to delivery of social good. Given the proposal put forth by Frederickson, outlined above and its congruence with the writings of established authorities on the subject it is agreed that good public administrators need to be advocates of social justice because they are the key elements for delivery of governance to the masses, have a powerful role to play in strengthening institutions and abdication of this responsibility is likely to lead to a cycle of militancy and repression. In the evolved model of human social existence, it is the modern state which is the key to effective governance in an orderly fashion to a wide spectrum of humanity. A modern state could be said to comprise of three main facets, the law making authority, the executive and the adjudicating personas of the judiciary. Given that the first and the last are either making rules or denoting their effective implementation, it is the executive who is the key instrument for delivery. The public administrator be it in the government or the non government field is thus involved in implementing social justice. The accepted dimension of public administration used by Frederickson includes representative ness, neutral competence and leadership in execution. (Shafritz, 2003) These values are universal. While the services provided by the administrator may not directly relate to provision of social justice, the final product is not in the field of administration but includes a broader spectrum of creating equity in society through efficient and equitable distribution of services. Where there has been deficiency of delivery not just of services but of social justice by the government administrators, the role is naturally taken up by non government agencies thus providing a balance. Thus in the overall perspective a public administrator needs to be trained to deliver social justice and other capabilities will follow. In adopting equity, the public administrators is seen to be flexible in pursuing change, he would in fact be the first to note the need for transformation and could seek change through legislation or judicial intervention. As is commonly understood, people's representatives charged with making laws are more concerned with interests of the majority as they have been elected through active intervention of the popular vote. There is a possibility that these would neglect interests of the minority unless this is located within pockets of influence. On the other hand the judiciary is seen to act in a fair and just manner and to that extent could be said to represent the interest of the disadvantage minority. It is the public administrator alone who can ensure that an appropriate balance is maintained between the two so that social equity is maintained at all times. Developing such an attitude and approach requires training which can come about only through a structured approach. Public administration attains effectiveness through the ability to build institutions. Institution building enables overcoming public problems. In the classical school of thought public administration is seen to outgrow the problem thereby there is greater focus on the institution rather than overcoming the problem. Frederickson has provided the example of the Defense Department, wherein the role of administration is not defense but protection of turf and sustaining bureaucracy of the defense department within the complex maze of the US federal governance system. (Shafritz, 2003) From institution building for resolution of problems, the aim is now merely institutional protection. However a public administrator who is from the new school will be more concerned about defense thereby indicating his leaning towards provision of social justice. The student needs to understand how an institution can impact on the social phenomenon for which it was created in a scientific and social model. Discontinuities in public administration are likely to create a distorted communal order. Thus unless public administration creates social equity it can result in widespread social ills such as unemployment, disease and spreading penury. This in turn will lead to growth of militancy which may be followed by repression. Public administration is charged to ensure that this cycle of inequity does not set in through not just efficient delivery of services but also by ensuring that these are spread equitably through all spectrums of society. The need for good public administrators to be advocates of social justice because they are the key elements for delivery of governance to the masses, have a powerful role to play in strengthening institutions and abdication of this responsibility is likely to lead to a cycle of militancy and repression has thus well supported and is fully agree to. Reference: Spicer, Michael W. Terry, Larry D. (1993). Legitimacy, History, and Logic: Public Administration and the Constitution. Public Administration Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1993), pp. 239-246. Shafritz, Jay M. Hyde, Albert C. Parkes. (2003). Classics of Public Administration (Paperback). Belmont CA : Wadsworth.

Free Essays on Every Man A King

Every Man a King There is perhaps no individual in Louisiana History who was as charismatic, influential and â€Å"interesting† as that of Huey Long. In his autobiography, Every Man a King, Long shares his story from his childhood in the north Louisiana hills to his magnetic climb into Louisiana and American politics. Long, in Every Man a King, does an exemplary job in describing one of America’s most remarkable politicians [himself] through his own eyes. Long was born in Winnfield, Winn Parish, Louisiana on August 30, 1893, the eight of nine children of a farmer. As a small boy, Long absorbed many of the ideas that came out of the Populist – Socialist traditions that were found in the region. He attended High School but had many troubles with the school officials and other local authorities and left the school before graduation. He sold vegetable oil door-to-door for four years. He conducted a cake-baking contest in Shreveport. The winner was Rose McConnell; they married in 1913. He told her that he would hold a secondary state office and would then become, in succession, governor, senator, and president; a job that allowed him to travel to several states, including Oklahoma. He attended the University of Oklahoma briefly to study law. He decided to become a lawyer and enrolled in the law School of Tulane University. He took courses for a year and was admitted to the bar. He began practicing law in his native stat e in 1915; first in Winnfield, but later moved to Shreveport. Long prospered as a lawyer, but had only used law as a jumping board into politics. He was elected a member of the Louisiana railroad commission in 1918; and later, in 1921, it enlarged in power and became known as the Public Service Commission. Huey Long ran for governor in 1924 and lost, but ran again four years later – on the platform of building better roads and free textbooks for all school children. Long won. He was the first maj... Free Essays on Every Man A King Free Essays on Every Man A King Every Man a King There is perhaps no individual in Louisiana History who was as charismatic, influential and â€Å"interesting† as that of Huey Long. In his autobiography, Every Man a King, Long shares his story from his childhood in the north Louisiana hills to his magnetic climb into Louisiana and American politics. Long, in Every Man a King, does an exemplary job in describing one of America’s most remarkable politicians [himself] through his own eyes. Long was born in Winnfield, Winn Parish, Louisiana on August 30, 1893, the eight of nine children of a farmer. As a small boy, Long absorbed many of the ideas that came out of the Populist – Socialist traditions that were found in the region. He attended High School but had many troubles with the school officials and other local authorities and left the school before graduation. He sold vegetable oil door-to-door for four years. He conducted a cake-baking contest in Shreveport. The winner was Rose McConnell; they married in 1913. He told her that he would hold a secondary state office and would then become, in succession, governor, senator, and president; a job that allowed him to travel to several states, including Oklahoma. He attended the University of Oklahoma briefly to study law. He decided to become a lawyer and enrolled in the law School of Tulane University. He took courses for a year and was admitted to the bar. He began practicing law in his native stat e in 1915; first in Winnfield, but later moved to Shreveport. Long prospered as a lawyer, but had only used law as a jumping board into politics. He was elected a member of the Louisiana railroad commission in 1918; and later, in 1921, it enlarged in power and became known as the Public Service Commission. Huey Long ran for governor in 1924 and lost, but ran again four years later – on the platform of building better roads and free textbooks for all school children. Long won. He was the first maj...

Kappe House and Stahl House Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kappe House and Stahl House - Research Paper Example There is a lot of similarities between these houses, ranging from the environment in which they are built to the materials and designs used to construct them. The application of sophisticated designs, which places the two as floating on space, coupled with their suitable integration with the natural environment, makes these Kappe and Stahl houses the icons they are today. However, there are still a lot of differences that can be indentified between these houses. For example, while the Kappe house is mostly constructed from glass and wood, the Stahl house has glass and steel as its major construction materials. Kappe house was constructed between 1965 and 1967, by architect Raymond Kappe on a hillside with many trees, as his own residence (Raymond, 17). Considering that the land on which the house is constructed is a steep hill, then, designing a structure that would well be accommodated by such land topography was a challenging task. The house was constructed using glass and wood, bu t there had to be established firm support for the house, due to the steepness of its location. This being the case, Kappe build six concrete towers to support the house and ensure it would withstand all forces while remaining more stable (Kevin, 4). The size of the house is 370 square meters, raised on decks to avoid the effects of underground springs, such as busting of such springs and carrying away the floor or bringing the whole house down altogether. The unique thing about this construction is the use of natural materials. The house is mainly constructed out of wood, which is cut in form of beams, to enhance its strength and ensure that the wood can support the weight of the house, which is constructed floating on the space. Steel is yet another material used in the construction of this house, since as a natural metal, it is very strong, and thus can withstand the tension caused by the weight of the floating house. Additionally, the choice for steel as the metal to use in the house construction was informed by its ability to withstand rusting. The house has a sophisticated geometric form, which consists of vertical and horizontal structures, constructed in tires and then joined to other outer structures and an extended roof, all of which floats on space, supported by the concrete and steel structures (McCoy, 7). This geographic form effectively combines the traditional architectural designs with aspects of modernism, giving the structure an aesthetic touch that remains an attraction to present day (Dylan, A2). Due to its attractiveness, the house has attracted many advertisements, using the house as the backdrop. The most significant of this house is its design, which blends well the human construction with the natural environment, thus effectively fit well as an icon of integrated natural environment and built environment. There are two key challenges that were presented by the nature of the environment in which the house is constructed. The land on whi ch the house is constructed is sloppy. As a result, a strong support system was required to support the house on such a land topography, which necessitated Kappe to design and use six concrete towe

How Environmental Documentaries Have Developed from the Ethnographic Research Paper

How Environmental Documentaries Have Developed from the Ethnographic - Research Paper Example Hence, the documentary filmmaker's role has changed as well. He is not simply a storyteller with a camera any longer, but he can become an environmental activist himself. Director Louie Psihoyos is directly involved in the action in The Cove where filmmakers alongside environmental activists plant hidden cameras to reveal the dolphin slaughter committed by the fishermen. Not only does he direct his filmmaking crew, he also leads the group of activists and plays a crucial part in devising the plan how to expose crimes of animal cruelty. The general consensus amongst environmental filmmakers today seems to be that a film alone can't change anything, but the reactions and actions it provokes in an audience can bring upon real change. Captain Paul Watson, co-founder of Greenpeace, remarks in The Cove: â€Å"You're either an activist or a non-activist. I decided to be an activist.† The filmmakers' clear intent to motivate the audiences into direct action is summed up by one of the film's marketing punch-lines: ‘The Secret Is Out. Spread the Word’. Unlike feature films that make headlines for a few weeks while they are successful at the box office, documentaries like The Cove have an organic 'after-life' where audiences and fans are kept up to date online by the filmmakers about how the story is developing long after the initial release of the film. Most importantly, the world wide web and social networking media can play an active role in defining the outcome of the story by giving audiences a platform to take direct action. The Cove's website lists many options how one can directly support several organizations who are protecting dolphins in Japan by either donating money or by signing online petitions, joining... The general consensus amongst environmental filmmakers today seems to be that a film alone can't change anything, but the reactions and actions it provokes in an audience can bring upon real change. Captain Paul Watson, co-founder of Greenpeace, remarks in The Cove: â€Å"You're either an activist or a non-activist. I decided to be an activist.† The filmmakers' clear intent to motivate the audiences into direct action is summed up by one of the film's marketing punch-lines: ‘The Secret Is Out. Spread the Word’. Unlike feature films that make headlines for a few weeks while they are successful at the box office, documentaries like The Cove have an organic 'after-life' where audiences and fans are kept up to date online by the filmmakers about how the story is developing long after the initial release of the film. Most importantly, the world wide web and social networking media can play an active role in defining the outcome of the story by giving audiences a platfo rm to take direct action. The Cove's website lists many options how one can directly support several organizations who are protecting dolphins in Japan by either donating money or by signing online petitions, joining facebook groups or by pledging never to buy a ticket for a dolphin show. To sum up, environmental films of today are holistic experiences that give the audiences the opportunity to become interactive and play a crucial part in the overall cause.